Direct drive, courier, express, groupage: the differences
The terms are often mixed up, but they describe different processes. The market studies of the courier, express and parcel industry draw the lines like this:
Courier: the shipment is accompanied at all times, in person or electronically, and taken by the same service straight to the recipient, with no fixed weight limit.
Express: the shipment passes through transshipment centres but has a fixed, often guaranteed delivery time, typically overnight.
Parcel: standardised shipments with tight size and weight limits, sorted in automated networks.
Groupage: pallets and larger packages from several shippers, collected, cross-docked at a depot and delivered in bundles.
The direct drive is the courier model for everything from an envelope to a pallet: one vehicle, one job, no transshipment and no one else's freight on board. In freight forwarding, a whole lorry running for a single customer is called a full load – the principle is the same, only the vehicle is bigger.
Maxmove runs every booking as a direct drive, from cargo bike to 3.5 t box truck. The logistics glossary explains how groupage and co-loading differ from it.
When a direct drive pays off
A direct drive costs more than a space in consolidated freight, because the vehicle runs only for you. It pays off as soon as a delay or damage would cost more than that difference. Typical cases:
Downtime: a spare part, a tool or a test fixture is missing in production or the workshop. Often a single hour of downtime costs more than the whole run.
Fixed appointment: installation, trade fair build-up, a notary appointment, a delivery slot at a warehouse dock. If the shipment arrives late, the slot is gone.
Fragile or awkward goods: glass, electronics, samples, art, non-stackable pallets. Every cross-dock is an extra damage risk.
Short distance, lots of volume: several pallets or a full van within one region. Here the price advantage of consolidated freight hardly matters.
Important for your calculation: under German law a carrier is liable for delay up to three times the freight charge at most (Section 431(3) of the German Commercial Code, HGB). Consequential losses such as a stopped production line are usually nowhere near covered. If time matters, you secure it through your choice of transport, not through compensation. The transport cost calculator shows what your route costs.
Liability on a direct drive: what German commercial law provides
Anyone who carries goods by road on a commercial basis is a carrier within the meaning of Section 407 HGB. The carrier is liable for loss and damage from acceptance to delivery (Section 425 HGB), without the sender having to prove fault. The carrier is only released for circumstances that even the utmost care could not have prevented, or on the grounds in Section 427 HGB, such as inadequate packaging or loading by the sender.
The amount is capped: at most 8.33 Special Drawing Rights (SDR) of the International Monetary Fund per kilogram of gross weight (Section 431 HGB), converted into euros at the rate on the day of acceptance. In their terms and conditions carriers may set a figure between 2 and 40 SDR if they point this out; towards consumers they may not deviate to the consumer's disadvantage (Section 449 HGB). Liability is unlimited in the case of intent or recklessness (Section 435 HGB).
In practice, light and valuable shipments are quickly underinsured. A 5 kg control unit is covered by law for 41.65 SDR, whatever it is worth. If the value of the goods is well above that, take out your own cargo insurance for such shipments.
Damage or delay: the deadlines that apply
Whether a claim can be enforced often depends on how it is reported at delivery. Section 438 HGB sets clear deadlines:
Visible damage or missing packages must be reported at the latest on delivery. Otherwise the goods are presumed to have arrived complete and undamaged. Telling the driver who delivers is sufficient.
Hidden damage that only shows up when unpacking must be reported within seven days of delivery, in text form – an email is enough.
The recipient must report a missed delivery deadline within 21 days, otherwise any claims lapse.
The report has to identify the damage clearly; a blanket "accepted with reservation" does not describe any specific damage. Photograph visible damage right at the handover. On a Maxmove direct drive, the digital proof of delivery records photo, signature and timestamp of the handover, so the condition is documented.
For the written notice there is a notice of liability template, and for recording damage on site a damage report.
Preparing a direct drive: who loads, who waits, what goes into the order
Under Section 412 HGB, the sender is in principle responsible for loading the goods safely for transport and for unloading them, unless circumstances or custom say otherwise; the carrier ensures the load is safe for the vehicle's operation. In practice, the driver secures the load inside the vehicle. Heavy items need a forklift or pallet truck on site, or booked help with carrying.
A reasonable loading time is included in the price. If the vehicle has to wait longer, for example because the goods are not yet packed, the carrier may charge demurrage (Section 412(3) HGB). So book once the shipment is ready for collection; you see the earliest available pickup window when you book.
The order should include: the exact loading and unloading point with gate or floor, a contact person with phone number, the type, number, dimensions and gross weight of the packages, notes such as "keep upright" or "fragile", and the value of the goods for valuable items.
If a deadline is critical, state it explicitly in the order: only an agreed period counts as the delivery deadline under Section 423 HGB. Without an agreement, what counts is the time a diligent carrier could reasonably be allowed.
Direct drive by van or lorry: where the limits are
With Maxmove you can book direct drives online from a cargo bike for documents in the city centre, via car, small van and Sprinter L3 or 3.5 t box truck (up to 1,200 kg of payload, around 4.3 m of load length), up to a 7.5 t truck with up to 3,000 kg of payload. That covers documents, spare parts, trade fair goods, furniture and up to 15 euro pallets.
At 3.5 t there is also a legal line: for commercial haulage with heavier vehicles such as the 7.5 t truck, the German Road Haulage Act (GüKG) requires a licence and compulsory liability insurance (Sections 3 and 7a GüKG). Vehicles up to 3.5 t are exempt from this for domestic transport (Section 2 GüKG); liability under the HGB applies in full either way.
Anything heavier than 3 t, or needing an open flatbed or a crane, runs as a special transport on request.
Recurring direct drives, for example a daily shuttle between two sites in NRW, can be set up as fixed routes – talk to us via the business account.